This workshop, funded by UKRI and organised by GRC members, aims to bridge the gaps between the sister disciplines of modern and paleo oceanography by bringing together leading experts from each field.

Volcanic eruptions exert a major forcing on Earth’s climate and have repeatedly perturbed human society through history. St Andrews hosted international researchers and policy experts to examine the lessons these events can provide for climate science, societal response, and hazard management.

Inspired by end of year playlists, the GRC reviews the year in climate. An interactive presentation and quiz, held in the beautiful surroundings of the Laidlaw Music Centre, covered all things climate 2025 – broken records, societal impacts, and progress in solutions.